Yellow croaker, also known as yellow croaker, is divided into large yellow croaker and small yellow croaker. It is a unique endemic species in China and widely distributed. It is delicious and nutritious. The fish gills can be used as fish glue and have the effect of stopping bleeding. As a precious economic fish, large yellow croaker is favored by consumers. After years of practice, a set of mature artificial breeding techniques have been formed. In this issue, a group of large yellow croaker breeding techniques is edited for reference by farmers. Scientific breeding seed The yellow croaker is a warm cluster of migrating fish. As the temperature of the water falls, some of the fish swim over the warm water of the 60-meter isobath. The large yellow croaker breeds in the spring and fall, and during the reproductive period, the fish groups migrate from the overwintering areas of the open sea to the offshore for reproductive tourism. After spawning, the juveniles grow up in the sea and disperse the bait. There are about 10 spawning grounds for large yellow croakers in China's coast. Spawning sites are generally located in shallow water areas near islands in the mouth of the estuary and low saline waters in the inner bay. The water is turbid, the transparency is mostly within 1 meter, and the bottom sediment is a soft mud or muddy sand sea area. . The water depth in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea area is generally not more than 20 meters and that in the South China Sea area is not more than 30 meters. Large yellow croaker can spawn repeatedly in one life. The spawning field of spring eel rises to 15°C～17°C. It starts gregariously during spawning. In the reproductive period, it ovulates 2 or 3 times. The amount of ovulation is proportional to the size of the individual, 10～2.75 million. Grain size, generally 20 to 500,000 tablets. Egg floating, spherical, egg diameter 1.19 ~ 1.55 mm, smooth egg membrane, a colorless oil globules, diameter of 0.35 ~ 0.46 mm. Fertilized eggs hatch larvae at a water temperature of 18°C ​​for approximately 50 hours. The age groups of different local groups differ in their individual lifespan and sexual maturation age. Individuals in the northern part of the East China Sea and the middle group have the longest lifespan. The oldest fish is 29 years old, but the sexually mature age is late, and a few are 2nd instar, usually 3 ~4 years old. The longevity of P. grandis in the western Guangdong group is the shortest, and the age of the fish is only 9 years old, but the age of sexual maturity is the earliest. A few individuals begin sexual maturity at the age of 1 and most individuals are 2 to 3 years of age. The large yellow croakers of C. argentinus and Yuedong group are between the two. The oldest fish are 17 years old, and a large number of sexually mature individuals are 2 to 3 years old. Seed stocking skills The specifications for free-range fish species need to be neat and consistent. Planned to reach the product specifications of 400 grams or more in the year, the size of stocked fish species should be about 100 grams per tail; when it can reach the specifications of adult fish products, 60-90 grams of fingerlings are generally selected. Under the conditions, it is better to stock more than 100 grams of fish. Stocking density should be controlled at 400 to 700 acre. Restocking time is appropriate after mid-to-late April. The fish species are kept in captivity in ponds for 2 to 3 weeks before stocking, and then stocked again. Juveniles mainly eat zooplankton species such as copepods, clams and krill. Adult fish mainly feed on all kinds of small-scale fish and crustaceans (shrimp, crab, and shrimp). Their feeding intensity during reproductive periods is significantly reduced, and they feed after the end of reproduction. Increased strength. In the growing stage, the bait is generally frozen in the upper layer of fish and supplemented with powdered bait. The upper fish cut into palatable fish pieces with a knife, which is easy to process and is not easy to lose, or the fish is chopped into meat, mixed into a strong sticky bait, hand-extruded into different size pieces to feed. Fish minced meat can be mixed with some powdered food or other bait, but also add the necessary vitamins and drugs. During the rearing period, feeding is usually performed every morning and evening. Compared with sea bream and squid, large yellow croaker has the characteristics of slow feeding and small amount, so feeding is slow. During the high temperature period, it grows fastest. In order to maintain the natural color of commercial fish golden yellow, it is necessary to cover the cage with shade to control light during the latter period of cultivation. The optimal growth water temperature is 22°C～26°C, the salinity is 1.8%-2.5%, the dissolved oxygen amount is more than 5 ml per liter, and the acid-base value is 8. Daily management methods Ponds require convenient drainage and drainage. It is advisable to change the water every day. The pond area is suitable for 15 to 30 mu, and the depth of the pond is 2 to 3 meters. The proportion of pool water is between 1.01 and 1.025. The transparency is above 0.5 meters. The water temperature is between 8°C and 28°C. The dissolved oxygen is required to be above 5 ml per liter, and the pH value is between 8 and 8.5. Before stocking, the fish should be sun-tanked for 1 month, then water 10 to 15 centimeters, and the whole pool should throw lime 150 kilograms per mu to improve the sediment quality and drain the fish once it is stocked. Change the water every day, when the water quality is good, once a day, otherwise 2 times. In the hot season, changing the water in the evening is the best. The amount of water changed depends on the quality of the water. After a heavy rainstorm, the proportion of the surface layer of the pond decreased significantly. When changing the water, the surface freshwater should be discharged first, and then when the tide level in the sea area is high, water will be added again. Splash lime water every 10 days to improve water quality. To insist on daily morning, evening and mid-night patrols, especially during the hot season, when it is difficult to exchange water for small tides, special attention should be paid to the work of patrolling the ponds at night and in the early morning. Observe the fish's activity carefully and find out if the problem is promptly taken. If there are floating heads that do not sink, add oxygen (or pumping water). If sick fish or dead fish are found, or there is no specific cause and food intake is significantly reduced, timely inspection should be conducted and corresponding measures taken. During pond development, they are usually fed once a day, morning and evening, and once a small tide changes water, they can vote once. If the water quality is not good and you can not enter the water, you can also stop feeding for 1 to 2 days. Its feeding amount is correspondingly less than that of cages. Pond large yellow croaker should be fed in a fixed place, and it is best to be fixed at the outlet, so that the bait can be discharged out of the pond. Feeding speed should be slower and take longer. If no fish are caught up or eaten by the fish, or if they are squeaking in the water, they should not be cast again. Disease prevention and control measures Benedictine disease. From September to November, it is an epidemic season. In the cultivation phase of young plants, it often stimulates mixed infections with secretive worms and anchovy insects. This aggravates the condition and can cause massive deaths in a short period if it is not treated in time. The pathogen is Benedenia, a type of monogeneric parasite. The body is oval and flat, white, 6-7 mm long and visible to the naked eye. Parasite parasitic in the fish's mouth, eyes, body surface, fins and other parts, was white and transparent, the size of such as sesame seeds, it was also known as "white sesame disease", "termite disease." A large number of worms are white-fleshed. The worm attaches to the skin or under the scales of the fish. It takes up fish cells, resulting in fish body trauma. The diseased fish has too much mucus on the surface of the fish and is uneasy, constantly madly or rubbing against the wall. As a result, scales fall off and cause infection. The diseased fish lost appetite and died of exhaustion and exhaustion. The body of the dead fish was devastated, the mucus increased, the scales fell off, the eyes were damaged, the fins were incomplete, the limpid dark, and the fish was thin. A few minutes after the diseased fish was soaked in fresh water, the parasites were shed. The most effective method is to use freshwater bathing sick fish for 20 to 40 minutes in 3 separates, each for about 10 minutes; with 150 to 200 international units of formalin for 20 to 30 minutes; 3% by weight of fish ~5% of the erythromycin baits were fed and fed for 5 days; soaked for 30 minutes with 30 mg of oxytetracycline per liter and repeated one week later. Vertebrate disease. The disease is endemic from April to June. When the water temperature is above 25°C, it is the peak period of the disease. It is a kind of parasite disease with great harm. It mainly harms the newly-developed small fry with a total length of 20-50mm. The pathogen is streptopeptidium, with a large oval nucleus slightly on the side of the middle of the body and clustered cilia on the anterior and anterior borders of the body. The worm can swim quickly in the water with the aid of cilia. Parasites parasitize the surface of fish, fins and cocoon, which increase the secretion of mucus in the fish. The anemia in the ankle is gray, the pupae are swollen, many mud-like contaminants are stuck, and the body surface has irregular white spots. Diseased fish loss of appetite, food intake greatly reduced, slow travel out of the group, lighter body, breathing difficulties, and soon due to physical weakness and a large number of deaths. The disease has a fast onset, a short course of disease, a high rate of infection and mortality. If it is not treated in time, it can cause massive deaths and the daily mortality rate can reach more than 10%. 200-250 international units of formalin seawater can be used to dip for 20 minutes, the density is controlled at 25 to 35 per litre when immersed and aerated by oxygen; furazolidone is formulated with furosemide to a concentration of 20 mg per litre to dip the diseased fish. 3 to 5 minutes; Compatible with copper sulfate in seawater for 10 to 20 minutes per liter concentration of immersion fish; After soaking, add 20% to 30% of antibiotics (such as tetracycline, erythromycin, etc.) to the feed. 5 days to heal.
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