Research progress and application status of L-arabinose Qiu Po, Ding Jicheng, Bai Fulai (Jinan Shengquan Tanghe Tang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan 250204, China) Key words: L-arabinose; blood glucose; blood pressure; bifidobacterium; insulin L-arabinose is an aldopentose, a monosaccharide containing 5 carbon atoms and bearing an aldehyde group. Commonly, β-D-arabinose (CAS No.: 10323-20-3, specific optical rotation: -175) °→-108°) and β-L-arabinose (CAS No.: 87-72-9, specific optical rotation: +190.5°→+104.5°) two stereoisomers. D-arabinose is usually obtained by artificial synthesis and is rare in nature, occasionally in the cells of certain E. coli or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The arabinose in nature is mainly L-form, but it is rarely present in the form of monosaccharides, but mainly in the form of heteropolysaccharides in hemicellulose, pectic acid and certain glycosides. Study on the functional properties of 1 L-arabinose references: Waterproof bag,High Quality Waterproof bag,Waterproof bag Details, CN Dongguan City Risen Medical Products Co., Ltd. , https://www.risenppe.com
Abstract: L-arabinose inhibits the metabolism and absorption of sucrose, lowers serum triglycerides, increases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, improves intestinal micro-ecology, proliferates beneficial intestinal bacteria, changes skeletal muscle ratio, improves insulin resistance, and stabilizes blood pressure. , to reduce fat accumulation and other aspects have unique features. The research progress and application status of L-arabinose were introduced, and the research and development were prospected.
Key words: L-arabinose; blood pressure; blood glucose; Bifidobacterium; insulin
Research Progress and Applications Status of L-Arabinose
Qiu Po, Ding Ji-cheng, Bai Fu-lai
(Healtang Biotech Co., Ltd, Jinan 250204, Shandong, China)
Abstract: L-arabinose have the unique functional characteristics in inhibiting the metabolization and absorption of the sucrose; Reducing the triglyceride in blood serum; Increasing high-density lipoprotein; Improving the intestinal microflora; Proliferating the effective microbial flora in intestinal; Altering the proportion of Skeletal muscle and the insulin resistance; Stabling the blood pressure and reducing the fat accumulation. This Article mainly introduce the research progress and applications status of L-arabinose, and also give some outlook for the application of L-arabinose in future.
L-arabinose is a white crystalline powder, odorless, molecular weight 150.13, melting point 159-160 ° C, relative density 1.625, sweetness about 50% of sucrose, soluble in water, but slightly less soluble in sucrose, insoluble in ethanol And ether, high stability to heat and acid. The chemical structure is as follows:
1.1 inhibits sucrase activity and increases glucose tolerance
L-arabinose has specific and strong inhibition of intestinal sucrase activity. Long-term feeding of L-arabinose can effectively increase the glucose tolerance of the animal body. This is because the affinity of L-arabinose to sucrase is 4-5 times higher than that of sucrose to sucrase, so L-arabinose entering the intestine has a strong inhibitory effect on intestinal sucrase catalysis, which can be controlled after taking sucrose. Blood sugar level.
Sanai et al. (1) studied the effects of L-arabinose on the digestion and absorption of 14C-labeled sucrose in the gastrointestinal tract of rats and on blood glucose levels. The results showed that the dose of arsenic increased and the level of 14CO2 in breath decreased. A large amount of undigested 14C-labeled sucrose and its metabolites were present in the cecum of rats fed with L-arabinose. The blood sugar elevation caused by taking sucrose was significantly increased. inhibition.
Forty healthy volunteers older than 40 years old were divided into four groups (n=10), taking a jelly containing 30 g of sucrose and containing 0%, 2%, 3% and 4% L-arabinose equivalent to the weight of sucrose. The blood glucose level measured 30 minutes later confirmed that the blood glucose elevation level of the 3% and 4% L-arabinose group was significantly inhibited. A sucrose-containing jelly containing 3% (for sucrose) L-arabinose was administered to type 2 diabetic patients (n=10), and as a result, blood glucose elevation caused by sucrose was significantly inhibited. This indicates that L-arabinose can effectively inhibit sucrose-induced hyperglycemia (2) for both normal and diabetic patients.
Zhou Kefu fed mice with L-arabinose 150 mg / only, 250 mg / only for 30 days, can significantly reduce the fasting blood glucose of the test mice, statistically significant difference (3).
In some experiments, L-arabinose did not show a decrease in fasting blood glucose activity in animals (4, 5, 6), but the difference in fasting blood glucose values ​​between the control group and the experimental group in these experiments was not significant. This illustrates from one side that L-arabinose does not have a negative impact on the normal regulation of blood glucose levels in animals.
Regardless of the normal feed-fed normal rats, or the high-sugar and high-fat diet-fed obese rats, different doses of L-arabinose significantly increased glucose tolerance (OGTT) after 40 days of gavage, and the area under the blood glucose curve in all dose groups. (AUC) (6) were all smaller than the model control group, and the differences were statistically significant. Experiments with mice have also confirmed (3) that the effect of low-dose L-arabinose in reducing fasting blood glucose is not obvious, but its effect on enhancing glucose tolerance is as significant as in the high-dose group.
1.2 Change the proportion of skeletal muscle and improve insulin resistance
Sekime et al. [7] showed that the number of type I muscle fibers increased, the number of type II muscle fibers decreased, and the complications of NIDDM (non-insulin-dependent diabetes) improved slightly in diabetic rats chronically taking L-arabinose. Kikuzawa et al. also showed that [8], in rats taking L-arabinose, the number of type I fibers was significantly increased in the rectus muscles composed of type I and type II fibers. The increase of type I muscle fibers can increase the sensitivity of body tissues to insulin, thereby improving insulin resistance [9].
1.3 lower serum triglycerides and increase high density lipoprotein cholesterol
Fujii et al. (3) fed rats with a 2.5% L-arabinose diet for 30 days, and total liver fat (61.8 mg/g liver) was 35% lower than the control (93.9 mg/g liver); serum triglyceride ( 41.0mg/100ml) was also 35% lower than the control (64.1 mg/100ml), and the difference was statistically significant. However, there was no statistically significant difference in total sterol levels between the experimental and control groups. Osaki et al. (5) added 0.5% and 1% L-arabinose to the sucrose-containing feed to significantly inhibit the increase in rat liver and serum triglyceride levels caused by sucrose.
He Li et al (6) fed rats with L-arabinose 525 mg/kg BW. Compared with the normal diet group, serum triglyceride levels were significantly decreased and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was elevated in the experimental group. None of the other low-dose L-arabinose groups showed significant activity in reducing blood lipid levels in rats.
Han Wei et al. (10) fed rabbits with L-arabinose at a dose of 1.24 g/d, and their triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were significantly lower than the control.
1.4 Improve intestinal micro-ecology, value-added intestinal beneficial bacteria
L-arabinose has a good acidification effect on the intestinal tract. The intestinal acidic environment is conducive to the growth of beneficial intestinal flora such as bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria, promotes the body's absorption of calcium, enhances the body's ability to discharge toxic substances, and inhibits the proliferation of harmful microorganisms.
Schutte et al. (11) used a cannula method to continuously measure the production of volatile fatty acids in the ileal stream of pigs fed with glucose and L-arabinose. Feeding glucose 100g/kg feed, the total volatile fatty acid production rate of ileum ileum was 985mg/12h, and L-arabinose 50g/kg feed was used. The total volatile fatty acid production rate of ileal flow increased to 1,233 mg/12h. The L-arabinose dosage was increased to 100 g/kg of feed, and the total volatile fatty acid production rate in the ileum flow was increased to 1,567 mg/12h. Then, the feed was fed back to glucose 100g/kg, and the total volatile fatty acid production rate in the ileum was reduced to 987mg/12h, which was restored to the level before L-arabinose was fed.
Fujii (4) fed the rats with 1%, 2.5% L-arabinose for 30 days. The total volatile organic acids in the cecum reached 15.4 mg/cecum, 28.5 mg/cecum, which was the control (10.40 mg/cecum). 1.5, 2.8 times.
L-arabinose was added to the sucrose-containing diet for 0.5 days at 0.5% and 1%. The rat cecal pH was between 4.6 and 5.2, which was significantly lower than the cecal pH of the L-arabinose-free group. (7.5-7.9). If sucrose is not added to the basal diet, the acidification effect of the cecum alone is significantly worse by simply adding L-arabinose (5).
Comparative analysis of changes in the intestinal organic acid composition of the animals confirmed that the organic acids that promote L-arabinose to promote the intestinal tract of the animals mainly include acetic acid, propionic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid and malic acid (4, 11).
1.5 Reduce fat accumulation in animal internal organs and slow down weight gain <br>He Li et al (6) fed rats with L-arabinose 525 mg/kg BW for 6 weeks, body fat/body weight ratio was 2.87%, compared with the control group ( 3.35%) was significantly reduced, and the difference was statistically significant. Low doses (87 mg/kg BW, 175 mg/kg BW) in both groups did not show a reduction in body fat/body weight ratio.
Fujii et al. fed rats with a diet containing 2.5% L-arabinose and 10% sucrose for 30 days. The weight of peritoneal fat was 1.1% and 0.9%, respectively, compared with the control group (1.3%, 1.4%). The fat weight decreased significantly and was statistically significant (4). The low dose group (L-arabinose 1%) did not exhibit the effect of reducing fat weight.
Osaki et al. fed the rats for 70 days with a normal diet containing 5% L-arabinose. Although no weight loss was observed, the weight of the surrounding fat was 30% lower than the control, and the statistical difference was significant. Reducing the amount of L-arabinose does not reduce the fat weight (5).
Han Wei et al. (10) fed rabbits at a dose of 1.11 g/d and 1.24 g/d L-arabinose for 90 days. The fat index [(peritrophic fat + periorbital fat) / 100 g body weight] was 1.44, respectively. 1.49, while the control fat index was as high as 2.48. The fat index of the experimental group was 40% lower than that of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant.
Du Huitang et al. (12) fed L-arabinose to SPF Kunming male mice by oral administration with high-sugar and high-fat diet. The results showed that L-arabinose had a dose-dependent relationship with the weight gain of mice, and a small dose ( 0.5g/kg) can produce a effect. After the concentration reaches a certain concentration (1.0g/kg), it can significantly inhibit the weight growth rate of mice (P < 0.05). This indicates that L-arabinose can effectively slow the rate of weight gain in obese mice.
1.6 lower blood pressure, inhibit blood pressure.
Child Yu Junming et al. (13) found through animal experiments that when xylose and arabin are in a molar ratio of 1:0.95~1.2, it can lower blood pressure and inhibit blood pressure.
2 L-arabinose application
2.1 L-arabinose in medicine
L-arabinose has been reported and used in the treatment of diabetes, gastrointestinal diseases and hypertension. For example, the active ingredient of a diabetes treatment is L-arabinose and sucrose (14); such as a xylose and A patent for granules of a mixture of L-arabinose (3:1), claimed to be used to treat gastrointestinal disorders. With the accumulation of clinical trial data, L-arabinose will play a greater role in the treatment of diabetes, gastrointestinal disease and hypertension.
L-arabinose is an important intermediate in synthetic medicine and can be used to synthesize cytarabine, adenosine, D-ribose, L-ribose, and deoxyribose. It can also synthesize nucleoside antiviral drugs, such as anti-hepatitis B virus and anti-Ep-stein-Barr virus active agent 1-(2-fluoro-5methyl-β-L-arabinofuranosyl)-uracil (L-FMAU ), anti-hepatitis B drug Telbivudine (nucleoside analogue, Idenix, USA). The Changchun Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences has also developed a drug for the treatment of liver cancer containing L-arabinose and galactose (15).
L-arabinose can be used as a pharmaceutical excipient and a filler because of its stable structure, good heat resistance, no calorie, and sweetness similar to sucrose. For example, it is used in different dosage forms such as cough syrup and tablets.
2.2 Application status of L-arabinose in food
2.2.1 Direct replacement of sucrose as a sweetener <br>Japan launches healthy sugar, Tang and Tang's healthy white sugar, Nestlé's partner sugar cube and other products, the main ingredients are sucrose and a certain proportion of L-Arabic Sugar-based, instead of white sugar on the supermarket shelves, mainly for household consumption or directly in the kitchen.
2.2.2 Functional Sugar Products for the “Three High and One Super†Population <br>The Japanese company UNITIKA developed the product name “arabinose Nâ€, whose composition is mainly composed of 100 grams of indigestible dextrin. - Arabic sugar composition. Its function is to significantly inhibit the rise in blood sugar, which is tens of times more potent than L-arabinose or indigestible dextrin alone. The principle is that L-arabinose strongly inhibits the action of invertase, and the indigestible dextrin further inhibits the activities of amylase and glucoamylase, and continues to hinder the absorption of carbohydrates by the small intestine.
The Dafu hypoglycemic sugar introduced by Tang and Tang Company is based on L-arabinose, and is rich in plant extracts such as chromium-rich yeast, bitter gourd extract and Polygonatum extract. It has significant hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects, and the market feedback is good.
2.2.3 Functional Instant Drinks <br>The company has developed the best-selling instant slimming tea (Baccarina) in Japan's diet foods, including oolong tea, black tea, original flavor and many other flavors, which are very popular in Japan. UNITIKA has developed an instant beverage containing cellulose (Arabic), which can be added to water, tea, and juice. The main ingredient is 3.6 g of fiber and 0.3 g of L-arabinose per bag (6.2 g).
2.2.4 Functional Capsules <br>For example, the three-component anti-Plass slimming capsules, the main components are potassium, L-arabinose, dextrin, etc., through the triple compound action to control the absorption of sugar, water, salt to achieve weight loss; At the same time, vitamin C, folic acid, vitamin B group and other nutrient-enhancing elements are added. Compared with other weight-loss products, it pays more attention to making up for the lack of human energy and trace elements in the process of weight loss, and reducing the harm caused by weight loss. .
2.2.5 Application in candy chocolate.
Functional candy has the characteristics of light weight, easy to carry, easy to accept for leisure consumption, and easy to control the dosage. Qiu Po ​​et al. (16) developed L-arabinose chocolate, which not only inhibits the rise of blood sugar, but also has a more mellow taste, while also improving product quality and extending shelf life. The application of L-arabinose in the candy chocolate industry will receive great attention. In addition to its own health care function, it can also help solve the problems of chocolate "frosting" and candy "freak" and "returning sand" ( 17) (18) is one of the new sugar sources that will be developed in the next step.
2.2.6 Application in baked goods.
L-arabinose has a relatively stable molecular structure and can be decomposed at high temperatures, so it can be used in baked goods. Soft cookies are a favorite biscuit for Americans, but they are high in sugar and easily cause obesity. The addition of L-arabinose to such biscuits inhibits the body's absorption of sucrose, thereby reducing fear of obesity in high-sugar biscuits. Similarly, the addition of a certain amount of L-arabinose to baked goods such as cakes and egg yolks in high-calorie foods can reduce the unit energy density to attract more consumers. Bai Fuyu et al. (19) studied that L-arabinose has a certain improvement effect on the sense of hurricane cake, and has a strong inhibitory effect on the increase of postprandial blood glucose in normal blood glucose population.
2.3 Applications in other fields <br> In addition to its use in the food and pharmaceutical industries, L-arabinose can also be used in perfume synthesis, chemical industry, biochemical reagents, etc. Studies have found that the reactive flavor of L-arabinose produces a soft, rich aroma that gives the end product that uses the flavor a more natural and full aroma (20). In addition, L-arabinose can also be used to produce L-arabitol, a widely used rare sugar alcohol, which is widely used in various industries such as medicine and chemical industry.
3 L-arabinose outlook
Prior to 2008, L-arabinose production companies were mainly concentrated in a few countries such as Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, Slovakia and Spain. Although the research on the development of L-arabinose in China is relatively late, with the improvement of people's living standards, the “three high and one super†and sub-health populations have increased significantly, and the demand for L-arabinose products with unique health care functions is also Will grow dramatically. Therefore, in recent years, the development of China's L-arabinose industry has accelerated rapidly. The outstanding enterprises represented by Jinan Shengquan Tang and Tang Biotechnology Co., Ltd. have emerged with high starting point, large production capacity and low carbon environmental protection, highlighting domestic L- The unique advantages and sufficient stamina of the arabinose industry are very promising.
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